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第二节 法律英语的句法特征

第一节主要研究了法律英语的词汇特征,本节将主要研究法律英语的句法特征。

法律英语的句法特征,主要表现在以下几个方面:(1)冗长句式;(2)条件句的普遍存在;(3)多用被动语态;(4)名词的多重修饰。

一、冗长句式

据专家统计,在法律文件中,句子的平均长度为271个单词。这造成了阅读英文法律文件的难度大大增加,这除了读者要求英文功底好之外,还需要具备相应的法律背景知识,才能够真正理解句子的含义。

但是,无论句子再长,也要遵循一定的语法规则,通过分析句子结构和句式特征,法律英语中的长难句也很容易被攻克。英语的五种基本句型为:

1.主语+谓语(subject+verb)

It works.(药品/方法等)有效果。

2.主语+谓语+宾语(subject+verb+object)

I like apples.我喜欢苹果。

3.主语+谓语+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)(subject+verb+indirect object+direct object)

I will tell you the truth.我会告诉你真相。

4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补(subject+verb+object+object complement)

You make me happy. 你使我快乐。

5.主语+谓语(系动词)+表语(subject+verb(link verb)+predicative)

You are beautiful. 你很漂亮。

以上五个句子代表的就是英语中最基本的五大句型,任何高难度的法律英语表达都是从这五大基本句型发展而来的。如下面的例子所示:

范例一:

分析方法:

针对以上句子,我们先找出句子主干:the buyer may lodge a claim against the Seller for short-weight,其中the buyer为主语,may lodge为谓语,a claim为宾语,against the Seller for short-weight为宾语补足语,因此我们确认该句的基本句型为第四种句型(主语+谓语+宾语+宾补)。句子的主语和谓语被⑤(时间状语within 15 days upon arrival of the goods at the destination)所隔离。结构⑥ being supported by Inspection certificate是动名词结构,充当short-weight的后置定语,而结构⑦ issued by a reputable public surveyor又为结构⑥中的Inspection Certificate的后置定语。

参考译文:

货物抵达目的港15天内,买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。

范例二:

分析方法:

本句子共包含109个单词,句子主干为“Confidential information” shall mean and include any information and data of a commercially sensitive nature. 其中结构①为主语,结构②为谓语,结构③为宾语,可以确定本句的句型为第二种基本句型:主语+谓语+宾语。如果再细分,句子主干中的of a commercially sensitive nature应该为information and data的后置定语。两个that引导的从句,一个which引导的从句,均为非限制性定语从句,修饰information and data。另外,relating to引导一个现在分词非谓语结构,disclosed by引导一个过去分词非谓语结构,也是做后置定语,修饰information and data。Relating to引导的the business,technology,research,manufacturing,marketing,products,samples,processes and/or customers or suppliers为名词并列,罗列保密信息所包含的范围。

因此,本句子虽然很长,但是里面大部分内容都是由起修饰作用为定语所组成:of a commercially sensitive nature,两个that从句,一个which从句,两个非谓语动词结构。

另外,对于三个非限制性定语从句而言,即,结构④⑤⑥,我们还可以进一步分析。结构④that is not generally known to the public,属于第五种句型:主语+谓语(系动词)+表语;结构⑤that is marked “confidential” or “proprietary”,or identified as confidential at the time of disclosure,也属于第五种句型:主语+谓语(系动词)+表语;结构⑥which by its nature or the circumstances surrounding its disclosure shall reasonably be regarded as confidential(regardless of whether such information is specifically designated as confidential and regardless of whether such information is in written,oral,electronic,or other form)比较复杂一些。我们单独分析。

句子which by its nature or the circumstances surrounding its disclosure shall reasonably be regarded as confidential(regardless of whether such information is specifically designated as confidential and regardless of whether such information is in written,oral,electronic,or other form)中,which为主语,shall reasonably be regarded as confidential为谓语和表语,本句子主干也属于主语+谓语(系动词)+表语,只是主语which跟谓语表语部分被by引导的介词短语结构隔离开来,造成句子复杂。

综上,本句用了多个定语结构把保密的内容尽可能多的包含进去,体现了法律语言的精确性。

参考译文:

“保密信息”是指并包括任何不为公众所熟知的、具有商业敏感性的、已被标记为“机密”或“专有”,或在披露时被标识为机密的信息和数据,或其性质或围绕其披露的情况应合理地视为与业务、技术有关的机密信息(无论此类信息是否被专门指定为机密,并且无论该信息是书面、口头、电子还是其他形式),且该信息是披露方根据本协议向接受方披露的与商业、技术、研究、制造、营销、产品、样品、过程和/或一方的客户或供应商相关。

范例三:

分析方法:

本句子的主干为:The franchisee agrees to pay the Franchisor a non-refundable Advertising Fee,可以该句子确定属于第三种基本句型:主语+谓语+双宾语。其中the Franchisee是主语,agrees to pay是谓语,the Franchisor是间接宾语,a non-refundable Advertising Fee是直接宾语。

结构⑤中介词短语in consideration of引导方式状语,结构⑥为without引导方式状语,结构⑦为时间状语,结构⑧为equal to引导的后置定语,修饰Advertising Fee。

参考译文:

作为授予本许可的进一步的对价,特许经营人同意无需特许人通知,在每个期间结束后的第十(10)日向特许人支付特许经营人总收入百分之二(2%)的广告费(品牌发展费),而且该费用是不可退还的。

范例四:

分析方法:

本句子的主干为:The Licensee shall keep all the technical specifications for the products under license as well as all the other experience(know-how)secret,其中The License是主语,shall keep是谓语,结构③和④是两个并列宾语,结构⑤secret是补语,可以确定该句子属于第四种基本句型(主语+谓语+宾语+宾补)。结构⑥是过去分词短语结构做后置定语,修饰结构③,结构⑦也是过去分词短语结构做后置定语,修饰结构④。结构⑧是一个让步状语结构。

这个句子与范例一均为主语+谓语+宾语+宾补,难点在于,本句中的宾补放到了宾语的前面,主要是因为两个并列宾语结构太长,为了保持句子的平衡,故作倒装处理。

参考译文:

对于许可方向其授予的许可项下产品的一切技术规范以及向被许可方转让的其他一切经验(专有技术),被许可均应予以保密,除非本协议另有要求。

总之,通过以上例子,我们可以看出,无论法律英语的句子多么复杂,都无外乎从五种基本句型发展到枝繁叶茂。由于存在定语、状语、补语等修饰结构,以及主语和谓语被隔离,倒装现象的存在等,使句子变得复杂。在分析复杂句子的时候,我们可以先找出句子主干,之后再剥离出定语、状语、补语等修饰结构,找出倒装、隔离结构,将句子结构层层剥离,就像剥洋葱一样,再复杂的句子也会迎刃而解。

二、条件句的大量存在

由于法律英语中经常表达的是假设情形+后果,因为存在大量的条件句,而条件句除了用if引导之外,为了突出法律英语的严肃性和准确性,经常用其他的结构代替if。如:in the event of,in case(that),in case of,provided(that),should,where。下面分别举例子介绍:

范例一:

In the event of any loss caused by the delay in the delivery,the Representative can claim a compensation from the Manufacturer with a certificate and detailed list registered by the administration authorities of the Representative’s site.

参考译文:

如果由于延误交货而造成任何损失,则授权代表可以向制造商主张赔偿,并提供授权代表所在地的管理机构提供的证书和详细清单。

范例二:

In case the Contract terminates prematurely,the Contract Appendices shall likewise terminate.

如果合同提前终止,则合同附录也应终止。

范例三:

Should all or part of the contract be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party,the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities caused therefrom. Should it be the fault of both parties,they shall bear their respective responsibilities according to actual situations.

参考译文:

如果由于一方过错而无法全部或部分履行合同,违约方应承担由此引起的责任。如果是双方的错,双方应根据实际情况承担各自的责任。

注:should表达“条件”的时候,一般放在句首,表达一种虚拟语气,句子谓语用动词原形。

范例四:

Either Side can replace the representatives it has appointed provided that it submits a written notice to the other Side.

参考译文:

只要向另一方提交书面通知,任何一方都可以更换其任命的代表。

范例五:

Where a unit commits a crime,it shall be fined,and the persons who are directly in charge and the others who are directly responsible for the crime shall be imposed criminal punishment.

参考译文:

单位犯罪的,对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚。

范例六:

Where a defendant is fined and the same is not forthwith paid,the officer may order the defendant to be searched.

参考译文:

凡被告人被判处罚款,但没有随即缴付罚款,长官可命令搜查被告人。

注:本句中的the same指的是前文的fine(罚金),the same的这种用法,我们在第一节法律英语的词汇特征已经介绍过,此处不再赘述。

三、多用被动结构

被动结构大量出现在法律英语中,其最大功能就是隐藏和弱化动作的行为者,在法律语境下就是隐藏和弱化法律主体,模糊对法律行为主体的认定,从而使法律语言显得更加客观公正。

范例一:

All construction projects shall be designed in compliance with the requirements for fortification against earthquakes and in conformity with the standard aseismatic design and shall be constructed in accordance with the design.

参考译文:

建设工程必须按照抗震设防要求和抗震设计规范进行抗震设计,并按照抗震设计进行施工。

范例二:

Any term or provision of this Agreement may be waived,or the time for its performance may be extended,by the party or parties entitled to the benefit thereof.

参考译文:

有权根据本协议规定获益的当事人可放弃本协议的任何条款或规定,或延迟本协议的履行时间。

范例三:

If any provision,or part of a provision of this Agreement is determined to be invalid,illegal or unenforceable by any rule or law,or public policy of any jurisdiction,all other provisions,or other parts of the provision of this Agreement shall nevertheless remain in full force and effect.

参考译文:

如本协议的任何条款或条款之一部分依照有关司法管辖区的法庭裁决、法律或公共政策而被确认无效、违法或不可执行,本协议的其余条款或条款之其余部分仍将完全有效。

范例四:

The formation of this Contract,its validity,interpretation,execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China,but in the event that there is no published and publicly available law in the PRC governing a particular matter relating to this Contract,reference shall be made to general international commercial practice.

参考译文:

本合同的订立、效力、解释、执行及合同争议的解决,均受中华人民共和国法律管辖。中国颁布的法律对本合同相关的某一事项未作规定的,参照国际商业管理。

四、名词的多重修饰

在法律英语中,有时候为了使得语言更加精确,需要穷尽所有可能的情况,从而造成一个名词或者名词短语有多重修饰。

范例一:

The agent shall be responsible for damages and economic losses ① incurred by the Joint Venture Company ② solely due to the failure by the Agent to properly inform the Joint Venture Company of any amendments to the sales contract ③entered into by the Agent on behalf of the Joint Venture Company with a purchaser.

参考译文:

代理人应对仅因代理人未将其代理合营公司与买受人签订的买卖合同的任何修改未能适当地通知合营公司而使合营公司发生的损害和经济损失负责。

本句中,名词词组damages and economic losses后共有三个修饰结构:

① incurred by the Joint Venture Company

② solely due to the failure by the Agent to properly inform the Joint Venture Company of any amendments to the sales contract

③ entered into by the Agent on behalf of the Joint Venture Company with a purchaser

其中①是后置定语修饰damages and economic losses,②是原因状语,对于damages and economic losses产生的原因进行说明,而③是②中sales contract的后置定语起修饰作用。因此,本句中存在两层修饰关系。

我们可以再回到在本节第一点冗长句式中的句子:

该句子也是存在多重修饰。被修饰结构any information and data后共存在五个修饰结构:③④⑤⑥⑦⑧。

五、法律英语常用短语和词组

法律英语频繁出现一些短语和词组,其表达方式与中文表达不完全对应,造成理解困难。本节将主要介绍以下常见词组:otherwise,subject to,without prejudice to,for the purpose of,in respect of,save/except(for),notwithstanding。

(一)Otherwise

Otherwise在普通英语中的含义有:“不然,否则”;“在其他方面”;“别样,以另外方式”。在法律英语中,otherwise一般指“除……以外”或“以其他方式”。应具体情况具体分析,一般要与上下文连贯。它常与前置的unless,except或or,及后置的动词过去分词连用。

范例一:

A company secretary of a company may,unless it is otherwise provided in the Articles of Association of the company or by any agreement with the company,resign as company secretary at any time.

参考译文:

公司的公司秘书可随时辞去公司秘书职位,除非该公司的章程或与该公司订立的任何协议另有规定

范例二:

Where a law or administrative regulation provides otherwise in respect of the method for calculation of damages and any limitation on damages,such provisions apply.

参考译文:

法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿额另有规定的,从其规定。

范例三:

The handling of administrative penalty cases by customs houses shall be governed by these Provisions,unless it is otherwise prescribed by any law or administrative regulations.

参考译文:

海关办理行政处罚案件适用本规定,法律、行政法规另有规定的除外

范例四:

If an offeror expressly indicates,whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise,that an offer shall not be revoked,then it is irrevocable.

参考译文:

如果要约人确定了承诺期限或者以其他形式明示要约不可撤销,则要约为不可撤销要约。

范例五:

In case one party delayed performance or otherwise breached the contract,thereby frustrating the purpose of the contract,the other party is entitled to rescind the contract.

参考译文:

当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的的,另一方有权解除合同。

范例六:

No person shall be held to answer for a capital,or otherwise infamous crime,unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,except in cases arising in the land or naval forces,or in the militia,when in actual service in time of war of public danger.

参考译文:

无论何人,除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书,不得受判处死罪或其他不名誉罪行之审判,但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服现役的民兵中的案件,不在此限。

范例七:

A party who was unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure,except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party’s delay in performance,it is not exempted from liability.

参考译文:

因不可抗力不能履行合同的,根据不可抗力的影响,部分或者全部免除责任,但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的,不能免除责任。

有的时候,otherwise更多的是起到舒缓语气到作用,并没有实质的意义,如下例:

范例八:

He shall have power,by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,to make treaties,provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur;and he shall nominate,and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,shall appoint ambassadors,other public ministers and consuls,judges of the Supreme Court,and all other officers of the United States,whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,and which shall be established by law;but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers,as they think proper,in the President alone,in the courts of law,or in the heads of departments.(from Section 2-President to Commander-in-Chief Article,the Constitution)

参考译文:

总统有权缔订条约,但须争取参议院的意见和同意,并须出席的参议员中三分之二的人赞成;他有权提名,并于取得参议院的意见和同意后,任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其他在本宪法中未经明定但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员;国会可以制定,酌情把这些较低级官员的任命权,授予总统本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部门的首长。

(二)Subject to

在法律英语中,subject to一般指“遵从、遵守”;“根据”;“受制于”,如:

范例一:

This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practices for Documentary Credits(1983 Revision),International Chamber of Commerce,Publication No. 500.

参考译文:

本信用证遵从国际商会第500号出版物,即《跟单信用证统一规则》。

范例二:

No state shall,without the consent of the Congress,lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports,except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws;and the net produce of all duties and imposts,laid by any state on imports or exports,shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

参考译文:

未经国会同意,各州不得对进口货物或出口货物征收任何税款,但为了执行该州的检验法而有绝对的必要时,不在此限;任何州对于进出口货物所征的税,其净收益应归合众国国库使用;所有这一类法律,国会对之有修正和监督之权。

注:该句中,subject to意思是指“受制于……”,参考译文作了意译处理。

再如:

Rates of Exchange is often subject to alterations.(汇率经常处于变动中)

范例三:

Subject to this clause,an appeal shall be brought in such matter and shall be subject to such conditions as are prescribed by rules made under Clause 4.

参考译文:

根据本条规定,这种情况下应提出上诉,并须受第4款订立的规则的限制。

注:本句中有两个subject to结构。其中第一个subject to的意思为“根据”,第二个subject to的意思为“受制于”。

范例四:

Subject to Clause 6,the Board shall have jurisdiction to inquire into,hear and determine the claims specified in the Schedule.

参考译文:

根据第6条的规定,仲裁处具备调查、审讯及裁决附表内指明的申索的司法管辖权。

(三)Without prejudice to

在法律英语中,without prejudice to一般指“在不影响……的原则下”或者“不妨碍/损害……的情况下”。

范例一:

During the period of entrusted shareholding,Party A has the right to request Party B to transfer the shares held by it and the shareholders’ rights involved to its own name or to any third party designated by it. For the formalities,relevant legal documents involved therein,without prejudice to Party B’s substantive interests,Party B must unconditionally agree and accept.

参考译文:

在委托持股期间,甲方有权随时要求乙方将其代持的股权及相关股东权益转移到自己或自己指定的任何第三人名下,乙方应无条件予以同意并及时予以配合协助和办理相关法律手续,届时涉及的相关法律文件,在不损害乙方实质利益的条件下,乙方须无条件同意并无条件承受。

范例二:

The employer may terminate this agreement without any period of notice or payment if the Employee at any time is guilty of serious misconduct or neglect or any other conduct in respect of the Employee’s employment or personal life which may seriously adversely affect the interests of the Employer. Such termination shall be without prejudice to any other rights of the Employer against the Employee.

参考译文:

如果雇员的工作或个人生活中有严重不端、重大过失或任何其他行为,可能严重损害雇主的利益的,雇主可以终止本协议,且无需任何通知或支付经济补偿。该终止不应损害雇主对雇员的任何其他权利。

范例三:

Without prejudice to your power and discretions,we hereby authorize you or your agents to take any actions including but not limited to the following……

参考译文:

在不损害贵方权力和自由裁定权的前提下,本公司兹授权贵方或贵方代理人采取包括但不限于以下行为的权利……

(四)For the purpose of

For the purpose of 有两种含义:一是“就……而言”;二是“为了……(目的)”。

范例一:

For the purpose of any repossession pursuant to Clause 10 Party A or its agent shall be entitled to enter any relevant land or buildings with such transport as may be necessary.

参考译文:

根据第10条进行的任何重新占有而言,甲方或其代理人有权凭借所需要交通工具进入相关土地或建筑物。

范例二:

For the purpose of this Agreement,“control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.

参考译文:

本协议而言,“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股本,或拥有任命公司董事会中多数董事的权利。

范例三:

A judge may,on the application ofan appellant who is in custody,order the appellant to be brought up to the court in custody for the purpose of attending his appeal or any application or any proceeding therein.

参考译文:

法官可应羁押中的上诉人的申请,为了使上诉人能出席其上诉或其中任何申请或法律程序而命令将他在羁押状态下带上法庭。

(五)In respect of

在普通英语中,in respect of一般指“与…有关”,“就…方面”,其同义词组有:in connection with,in relation to,relating to,with reference to,of等,但是在法律英语中,我们一般用正式程度较高的in respect of来表达此含义。

范例一:

The Licensee shall,at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’s expense,give full cooperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks,including joining at a party to any proceedings.

参考译文:

对于针对许可商标提起或威胁拟提起的诉讼或索赔,应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用,被许可方应给予许可方充分合作,包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼。

范例二:

The company shall pay taxes and enjoy preferential tax treatment in respect of its economic activities in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of PRC and the relevant policies of the Industrial Park.

参考译文:

公司应根据中国的有关法律法规和工业园区的有关政策,其经济活动缴纳税收并享受税收优惠待遇。

范例三:

Party A shall bear all the investment risks to the company to the limit of its capital contributions entrusted. Party B is not deemed to bear the obligation of maintaining and increasing the value of the capital entrusted by Party A. Therefore,Party A shall not claim compensation or indemnification from Party B in respect of the loss from the assets contributed.

参考译文:

甲方应以其委托出资的数额为限,承担对公司出资的一切投资风险,乙方不对甲方委托的出资承担保值增值义务,甲方不得出资财产的盈亏要求乙方承担补偿或赔偿责任。

范例四:

You must pay to us or our nominee in pounds sterling or such other currency as we may require,the following sums without deduction or set-offs:our legal costs in respect of the signing of this agreement.

The Service Fee shall be due and payable whether or not you have received the service fee due to you in respect of any outlet under the relevant franchise agreement.

参考译文:

您必须以英镑或我们可能要求的其他货币向我们或我们的代名人支付以下款项,且不得扣除或抵销:与签订本协议相关的律师费。

无论您是否已收到根据相关特许经营协议任何一家门店应付给您的服务费,服务费均应支付。

(六)Save/except(for)

Save在普通英语中的含义是“拯救”,而在法律英语中则表示“除了…之外”。

范例一:

Save as is provided in this Clause,nothing in this Ordinance shall require the disclosure by a legal adviser of any privileged information,communication,book,document etc.

参考译文:

除本条另有规定外,本条例并不要求法律顾问披露任何特权信息、通讯信息、簿册、文件等。

范例二:

Save as provided in Clause 10,no payment of maternity leave pay or other sum may be made in lieu of the grant of maternity leave.

除第10条另有规定外,不得以支付产假薪酬或其他款项的方式代替给予产假。

范例三:

Save/Except as otherwise provided herein,all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.

参考译文:

本合同另有规定,所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出的,寄出后八日即视为送达,以电传方式发送的,则在发出时视为送达。

(七)Notwithstanding

Notwithstanding在普通英语中很少见,但是法律英语中,其出现的频率还比较高。该词表达让步的语气,一般翻译为“即使”、“尽管”,作为连词使用,后面一般引导名词性短语或者让步状语从句,相当于although/though/even if。

范例一:

This constitution,and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof,and all treaties made,or which shall be made,under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land;and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby,anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

参考译文:

本宪法及依本宪法所制定之合众国法律,以及合众国已经缔结及将要缔结的一切条约,皆为全国之最高法律;每个州的法官都应受其约束,任何一州宪法或法律中的任何内容与之抵触时,均不得有违这一规定。

注:最后一句:and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby,anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding,直译为:每个州的法官都应受其约束,即使该州的宪法或法律有相反规定。至于直译与意译的效果孰优孰劣,大家可以自己体会。

范例二:

If the party A places an order within the time designated in this offer,the price for the goods will remain firm notwithstanding any variation in the costs of producing the goods.

参考译文:

如果在要约指定的时间内,甲方下发了订单,则货物价格应保持不变,即使生产成本发生变化。

范例三:

Notwithstanding the foregoing,both parties agree that the foreign shareholder may sell or transfer all or part of its rights and interests owned by it in the registered capital of the Company to its affiliated party without restrictions of Article 5 and Article 6.

参考译文:

尽管有前述规定,双方同意,外方股东可将其在公司注册资本中拥有的全部或部分权益出售或转让给其关联方,而不受第5条和第6条的限制。

范例四:

Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein,insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.

参考译文:

即使本合同中有任何其他相反规定,保险范围和责任限制亦应当以各方同意为准。

(八)Any Person Who Does… Shall

大多数的法律条文表达的都是一种假设情形和行为后果,因此,“Any Person Who Does… Shall”句型出现的频率很高,也是一种非常简明、直接的表达方式。

范例一:

Any person who,without lawful authority or reasonable excuse,while having dealings of any kind with any other public body,offers any advantage to any public servant employed by that public body,shall be guilty of an offence.

参考译文:

任何人与其他公共机构进行任何事务往来时,无合法授权或合理辩解而向受雇于该公共机构的公职人员提供任何利益即属犯罪

范例二:

Any person convicted of an offence and sentenced to life imprisonment under the Criminal Law shall,by reason of such conviction,be disqualified to hold the post of director and office in a company for a period of 5 years after expiration of the sentence.

参考译文:

触犯《刑法》之罪名且被判处有期徒刑的,由于此判刑,自刑期届满之日起五年内不得担任公司的董事、高管。

范例三:

Any person who sets fire,breaches dikes,causes explosions,spreads poison,and employs other dangerous means that lead to serious injuries or death,or causes major losses to public or private property shall be sentenced to no less than 10 years of fixed-term imprisonment,life imprisonment,or death.

参考译文:

放火、决水、爆炸、投毒或者以其他危险方法致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的,处十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。