(二)自然病程
软组织肉瘤主要表现为逐渐生长的无痛性包块,隐匿性强,病程可从数月至数年,当肿瘤逐渐增大压迫神经或血管时,可出现疼痛、麻木、甚至肢体水肿[1-3],但症状并不具有特异性。有些病例可以出现肿块短期内迅速增大、皮肤温度升高、区域淋巴结肿大等,需要警惕肿瘤级别升高的可能[4,5]。临床表现与恶性程度相关,恶性程度高的可表现为病程很短,较早出现血行转移及治疗后易复发等特点[6-8]。
软组织肉瘤如果不治疗,包块可持续增大,甚至出现破溃,同时会发生远处转移,最常见的转移部位是肺。不当手术会影响肿瘤的自然病程,不当手术主要包括不当活检和非计划手术,其结果会造成自然屏障受破坏,肿瘤向外扩散生长,引起血肿,导致肿瘤细胞突破原有边界,直接引起肿瘤细胞或组织播散。最终导致局部复发率和远处转移率的风险增高。
软组织肉瘤生长过程中遇到的自然屏障主要包括肌间隔、关节囊、腱鞘、神经鞘膜、韧带、骨及关节软骨等[9]。少血运的解剖结构都有暂时的屏障作用,如皮质骨、关节软骨,可暂时阻碍肿瘤的生长。肿瘤组织通过挤压、刺激吸收和直接破坏正常组织向周围生长,表现为比良性或中间性肿瘤更强的局部侵袭能力。
软组织肉瘤总的5年生存率约60%~ 80%。影响软组织肉瘤生存预后的主要因素有:年龄、肿瘤部位、大小、组织学分级、是否存在转移及转移部位等[10,11]。影响软组织肉瘤局部复发的因素主要有:不充分的外科边界、多次复发、肿瘤体积大、组织学分级高等[12]。软组织肉瘤分期系统可以反映疾病生存预后,例如:病理学分级1级,2级和3级的无转移生存率分别为98%,85%和64%[13];肿瘤大小为<5cm,5~ 10cm,10~ 15cm,>15cm,其5年生存率分别为84%,70%,50%和33%[14]。MSTS(Musculoskeletal Tumor Society)分期Ⅰ期,Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期的5年总生存率分别为90%,81%和56%[15]。
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