08 Sociobiology
社会生物学：关于猴群侵犯行为的发生和控制的调查研究
导读
社会生物学（sociobiology）是一门研究动物（包括人类）社会行为的生物学。研究动物的各种社会行为，诸如群体结构、社会等级、通信交流、侵犯行为、利他行为、性行为等现象的遗传基础，当前企图弄清遗传物质DNA与动物社会行为的关系。
社群行为（social behaviour）是动物集体合作的行为。典型的社群性动物包括蜂、蚁、狒狒和人类等。动物集群共同取食、共同御敌、共同育幼，增强了个体存活和种族延续的几率。目前的研究集中在：（1）对社群行为的现场观察和精确描述；（2）对社群行为的遗传、生理和种群机制的探索。
本文从社会生物学的角度介绍了关于猴群侵犯行为的发生和控制的调查研究。
Investigators of monkey's social behavior have always been struck by monkeys' aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys' social behavior.
Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment: hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, at time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive
simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to the group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.
调查猴子社群行为的研究工作者总是对猴子潜在的侵犯冲动和随之发生的对其侵犯行为进行社群控制的需要这些现象产生浓厚的兴趣。因而，以描述猴子的侵犯行为和其引发的环境，以及控制这种行为的社群机制为目标的研究就成为首批对猴子社群行为调查研究所围绕的中心。
研究工作者起初认为，猴子会为争夺环境资源而发生对抗：饥饿的猴子会为食物而战；干渴的猴子会为饮水而战。在一般情况下，任何时候，在猴群中，一个以上的猴子同时追求同一刺激物时，争执就会发生，而经过某种形式的侵犯行为争执就会得到解决。然而，当像索思威克所进行的这类减小空间或拒给食物的实验，只能产生暂时增强猴群内部侵犯行为的结果时，争夺刺激物的动机的理论开始受到质疑。事实上，食物匮乏不但不能增强侵犯行为的发生，在某些情况下，反而实际上造成侵犯行为发生率降低的结果。
对于在食物匮乏条件下的野生动物的研究也同样显示，挨饿的猴子几乎投入全部可利用的精力来搜寻食物，很少有精力来从事相互侵犯的行为。此外，后来对许多灵长目动物群的研究（例如伯恩斯坦的研究）所积累的证据指出：引起侵犯行为的最强有力的刺激因素之一是向有组织的群体引进一个侵入者。这种引进所造成的发生侵犯行为的后果，比起任何其他专为设计产生对抗行为的实验所产生的后果，要更加严重得多。
对于侵入者的这些研究表明，同一物种的成年成员首次被相互引见时，显示出很大的敌对情绪，因为在缺乏社群秩序的条件下，必须建立起一种秩序来控制动物内部的相互关系。当单个新动物被引入一个业已存在的社群组织时，这个新来者会遭到甚至更为严重的侵犯。首先，通过侵犯行为建立起一种社群秩序；而其次定居的动物围攻入侵者，接着开始把新来的动物驱逐出现存的社群单位。同时引进几个动物会减轻其后果，即使只是因为群体面对多个目标而分散了注意力。然而，如果引进一个群体的几个动物组成自己的社群单位的话，每一个群体作为一个单位会与相对立的群体展开战斗；但是，个别成员不会遭到大量攻击。而且，正是这种群体的凝聚力排除长时间的个体化格斗。是失败群体的屈服，而不是胜利群体发动的无节制侵犯，减轻进一步攻击的强度和次数。因而猴子群体似乎主要是为了保持其已经建立起来的社群秩序而不是为了从事敌对行动本身而组织起来的。
Sentence Translation
句子翻译
1. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression.
2. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.
Key
1．然而，当像索思威克所进行的这类减小空间或拒给食物的实验，只能产生暂时增强猴群内部侵犯行为的结果时，争夺刺激物的动机的理论开始受到质疑。
2．首先，通过侵犯行为建立起一种社群秩序；而其次定居的动物围攻入侵者，接着开始把新来的动物驱逐出现存的社群单位。